Polonnaruwa, a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Sri Lanka, is one of the country’s most significant historical and cultural landmarks. It is a must-visit destination for history enthusiasts, culture lovers, and travelers looking to explore Sri Lanka’s ancient heritage. Whether you are admiring the craftsmanship of Gal Vihara, exploring the sacred Vatadage, or enjoying the serene beauty of Parakrama Samudra, Polonnaruwa offers a unique glimpse into the island’s glorious past.
As the second capital of Sri Lanka after Anuradhapura, Polonnaruwa is home to ancient ruins, stunning temples, and remarkable irrigation systems. If you are planning a visit, this guide will provide essential information about Polonnaruwa’s history, major attractions, accommodations, activities, dining options, and travel tips.
Best places to stay in Polonnaruwa
Whether you’re looking for luxury, mid-range, or budget-friendly options, Polonnaruwa has something for every traveler. Here are some gems for you, that are absolutely loved by guests.
The best luxury accommodation
- Ekho Lake House – A luxurious boutique hotel offering breathtaking views of Parakrama Samudra in a serene environment with elegantly designed rooms. This colonial-style hotel provides easy access to the ancient city of Polonnaruwa. Its Royal Suite offers a premium experience with luxury amenities such as a Jacuzzi, making it a perfect choice for travelers who seek relaxation combined with cultural exploration.
The best mid-range accommodation
- Lake Cabin – A beautiful hotel near the Parakrama Samudra reservoir offering scenic lake views and well-maintained gardens and spacious rooms. It provides a relaxing retreat close to the ancient city. The hotel features three swimming pools.
- Clay Hut Village – A charming eco-friendly retreat. The accommodation consists of four cozy, traditionally built clay huts, designed to provide comfort while blending with nature. It offers visitors a peaceful stay surrounded by lush greenery while being in close proximity to the historic sites.
- Seyara Holiday Resort – A comfortable mid-range hotel with excellent amenities and friendly service. The hotel offers a peaceful stay near the ancient city. It features an outdoor swimming pool, a garden and a restaurant serving local and international cuisine.
The best budget-friendly accommodation
- Sanctuary Cove Guest House – A highly rated accommodation with a peaceful setting and welcoming ambiance, it is known for its warm hospitality and homely atmosphere. Located close to the ancient city, it offers simple yet comfortable rooms, delicious home-cooked meals, and bike rentals for easy exploration. Guests appreciate the clean facilities and the hosts’ exceptional service, often going above and beyond to assist travelers.
- Tishan Holiday Resort – A budget-friendly option with clean and cozy rooms, offering a peaceful retreat with comfortable accommodations. Located close to the ancient city, it features an outdoor swimming pool and an on-site restaurant serving Sri Lankan and international cuisine.
Polonnaruwa: A Complete Guide to the Ancient City
Polonnaruwa became the capital of Sri Lanka in the 11th century after the fall of Anuradhapura. King Parakramabahu I (1153–1186) played a crucial role in shaping the city, constructing massive reservoirs, palaces, and religious monuments. The city flourished as a center of commerce, religion, and governance, leaving behind impressive archaeological sites that continue to captivate visitors today. It is renowned for its well-preserved ruins, grand monasteries, and impressive reservoirs.
Each of the ancient city’s landmarks provides a glimpse into Sri Lanka’s rich history, Buddhist traditions, and architectural mastery. Visiting Polonnaruwa is a journey through time, where the remnants of a glorious past still stand as a testament to the island’s cultural heritage.
Travel Tips for Visiting the Ancient City
Opening hours and best time to visit
The Polonnaruwa Ancient City is open daily from 7:00 AM to 5:30 PM. The best time to visit Polonnaruwa is during the dry season from January to September. During this period, the weather is warm and pleasant, making it ideal for exploring outdoor attractions. The monsoon season from October to December can bring heavy rains, which may limit outdoor activities.
Visiting early in the morning or late in the afternoon helps avoid the midday heat, especially in July to September, but plenty of trees offer shade all day long.
Entry Fees and Tickets
To visit the Polonnaruwa Archaeological Site, foreign visitors must purchase a ticket at the entrance, which costs approximately $25 per person, and half that price for visitors from SAARC countries. The ticket grants access to all major sites within the ancient city and the museum. It is advisable to carry cash, but credit card facilities are also available at the ticket counters.
What to Wear
Since Polonnaruwa is home to many religious sites, it is essential to dress modestly. Lightweight, breathable clothing is recommended due to the warm climate, but visitors should cover their shoulders and knees when entering temples. Comfortable shoes that are easy to take off are a must, as exploring the ruins involves a fair amount of walking barefoot at the sites.
Bring a pair of socks when visiting during the day, the old black stones get really hot during midday heat.
And don’t forget the sunscreen!
Staying Hydrated
Sri Lanka’s tropical climate can be quite hot, especially during midday. Carrying a reusable water bottle is essential to stay hydrated while exploring Polonnaruwa. Many guesthouses and restaurants offer filtered water refills to reduce plastic waste. Of course it is also possible to buy water bottles inside the ancient city.
Respecting Local Customs
When visiting religious sites, always remove your shoes and hats before entering. Avoid taking selfies with Buddha statues facing your back, as this is considered disrespectful. Be mindful of local customs and traditions, and always ask for permission before photographing monks or local residents.
Getting Around
Travelers typically rent bicycles or tuk-tuks for an efficient tour, as the site is vast. Walking is possible but can be challenging due to the heat. Bike rentals are available at most hotels and guesthouses for around 500 Rs per bicycle, and the roads are relatively flat, making cycling an enjoyable experience. Tuk-tuks are available for those who prefer not to cycle.
How long does it take to see Polonnaruwa’s Ancient City?
Exploring the Ancient City of Polonnaruwa can take anywhere from 2 to 5 hours, depending on your choice of transportation inside and how much time you spend at each site. A visit by car or tuktuk with short stops at each site can be done in 2 hours. However, a more in-depth exploration by bicycle including smaller ruins and the museum may take up to 5 hours.
Polonnaruwa can also easily be done as a daytour from Dambulla or Sigiriya by tuk-tuk.
Places to see inside the ancient city of Polonnaruwa
Gal Vihara
Gal Vihara is one of Polonnaruwa’s most iconic monuments, featuring four massive Buddha statues carved into a single granite rock. These statues represent different postures: a seated Buddha in deep meditation, a standing figure with crossed arms, and a reclining Buddha symbolizing Nirvana. The fine detailing of facial expressions and robes showcases the artistic brilliance and exquisite craftsmanship of the Polonnaruwa period. Originally part of a monastery complex, Gal Vihara highlights the island’s Buddhist heritage and remains one of Sri Lanka’s most revered religious sites.
Vatadage
Vatadage is a circular relic house known for its intricate stone carvings and Buddha statues. It is believed to have housed the Sacred Tooth Relic of the Buddha, making it one of the most revered structures in the city. It consists of a central dagoba surrounded by intricately carved stone pillars and four seated Buddha statues facing cardinal directions. The entrance is adorned with moonstones and guardstones, displaying fine craftsmanship from the Polonnaruwa era. Thought to be built during King Parakramabahu I’s reign, it represents the pinnacle of Sri Lankan stone architecture, blending spiritual symbolism with artistic elegance.
Rankot Vihara
Rankot Vihara, standing at 55 meters, is the largest stupa in Polonnaruwa and the fourth largest in Sri Lanka. Built during the reign of King Nissanka Malla, this massive structure reflects the Anuradhapura-style stupas with a circular dome, surrounding terraces, and image houses. The stupa was a major center for Buddhist rituals and meditation. Even today, pilgrims visit to offer prayers, demonstrating the continued religious significance of this ancient monument.
Lankatilaka Vihara
Lankatilaka Vihara is an impressive image house featuring a colossal standing Buddha statue between towering 17-meter-high walls. The shrine’s intricate brickwork and the detailed stone carvings of deities and floral motifs highlight the architectural advancements and artistic brilliance of the Polonnaruwa period. Originally covered in vibrant murals, this vihara was part of a larger monastery. Though the Buddha’s face is missing, the monument remains an awe-inspiring example of medieval Sri Lankan religious artistry.
Shiva Devalaya
Shiva Devalaya, two well-preserved Hindu temples known as Shiva Devalaya No. 1 and No. 2, were built during the Chola rule in Polonnaruwa. These stone temples dedicated to Lord Shiva feature traditional Dravidian architecture, including lingam shrines, carved pillars, and granite walls. The devalayas highlight the strong influence of South Indian culture in Sri Lanka’s medieval history. Pilgrims continue to worship at these sites, preserving the spiritual heritage of Polonnaruwa’s Hindu community.
Thivanka Image House
The Thivanka Image House is known for its massive Buddha statue, which exhibits the “thivanka”, three bends, a slightly bent posture. It is famous for its murals. The shrine’s interior walls are adorned with elaborate frescoes depicting Jataka stories, which recount the previous lives of the Buddha. Though some paintings have faded over time, they remain among the best-preserved examples of Polonnaruwa-era Buddhist art. This structure, likely built by King Parakramabahu I, showcases the blend of religious devotion and artistic mastery.
The Royal Palace of King Parakramabahu I
Once a magnificent structure, believed to have had seven stories and over 1,000 rooms. This grand palace complex was the administrative hub of Polonnaruwa. Today, only its massive brick walls and foundations remain, showcasing visitors a glimpse of its former grandeur. The palace complex also included audience halls, bathing ponds, and other royal chambers. The remnants of intricate carvings and architectural design reflect the splendor of the kingdom under King Parakramabahu I.
Audience Hall
Located near the Royal Palace, the Audience Hall (Council Chamber) was where King Parakramabahu I conducted administrative functions, like meetings and royal ceremonies. The hall is distinguished by its beautifully carved stone pillars and stairways guarded by mythical lion figures. The stone carvings on the platform depict various animals, possibly symbolizing different provinces of the kingdom. Despite its ruins, the site offers insight into the governance and state affairs of ancient Polonnaruwa.
Pothgul Vihara
Pothgul Vihara is believed to have been an ancient library, that housed Buddhist scriptures and teachings, or a monastery where Buddhist monks studied and preserved sacred texts. It features a circular stupa surrounded by small cells, possibly used for meditation or scriptural study. Nearby, a large rock-carved statue is speculated to represent either King Parakramabahu I or Sage Pulasthi, a revered Hindu sage. This site reflects the intellectual and religious advancements of Polonnaruwa’s golden age. – An ancient library complex believed to have housed Buddhist scriptures and teachings.
Nissanka Latha Mandapaya
Nissanka Latha Mandapaya is a unique pavilion built by King Nissanka Malla. The structure consists of stone pillars carved in the shape of lotus stalks, giving it an elegant and distinctive appearance. It is believed to have been used for chanting Buddhist scriptures (Pirith). The delicate floral motifs and inscriptions make it a fine example of Polonnaruwa’s stone artistry and religious devotion.
Nelum Pokuna (Lotus Pond)
The Nelum Pokuna, or Lotus Pond, is an intricately designed ancient bath built in the shape of a blooming lotus flower. Located within the ancient city, it was originally used by monks of the Alahana Pirivena monastery. The pond’s unique design features tiered, concentric stone steps resembling the petals of a lotus, demonstrating the architectural ingenuity of ancient Sri Lanka. This historical site not only showcases the artistic skills of the Polonnaruwa era but also reflects the deep connection between Buddhist culture and nature.
Archaeological Museum of Polonnaruwa
The Polonnaruwa Museum, also known as the Archaeological Museum of Polonnaruwa, is a must-visit for history enthusiasts. Located at the ticket counter for the ancient city, the museum provides essential context for understanding the ruins. It showcases artifacts, detailed models of historical sites, ancient inscriptions, and statues from the Polonnaruwa period.
Visitors can see exhibits related to key landmarks like Gal Vihara, the Royal Palace, and Rankot Vihara, helping them visualize the city’s former grandeur. The museum also displays coins, pottery, and tools used by the ancient kingdom.
A visit typically takes 30 to 60 minutes, making it an excellent starting point before exploring the archaeological site. The detailed explanations and scale models give visitors a clearer idea of the ancient city’s layout, enhancing their on-site experience.
If time allows, visiting before the ruins is recommended to gain background knowledge. However, visiting after can also be rewarding, offering a chance to connect artifacts with the sites you’ve explored.
Best places to visit outside the ancient city
Outside the UNESCO site are more places to visit and things to do. Here are the most interesting ones for travelers:
Parakrama Samudra
A massive man-made ancient reservoir built by King Parakramabahu I to supply water for agriculture. It showcases the advanced irrigation techniques of ancient Sri Lanka. It is still in use today, providing water to surrounding areas and offering a picturesque view for visitors.
Nature Park Polonnaruwa
Nature Park Polonnaruwa is a hidden gem for wildlife enthusiasts and nature lovers. Located near the ancient city, this area offers lush greenery, serene walking trails, and a chance to observe Sri Lanka’s rich biodiversity. Visitors can explore the park on foot or by bicycle, making it an eco-friendly attraction. The park is home to various bird species, monkeys, and other small wildlife, providing an excellent opportunity for photography and relaxation. Its tranquil atmosphere makes it a perfect escape for those who wish to take a break from historical sightseeing and immerse themselves in nature.
Wildlife Safari at Minneriya National Park
Minneriya National Park, located just a short drive from Polonnaruwa, is famous for its elephant gatherings, especially during the dry season. The park is home to hundreds of elephants, as well as a variety of other wildlife, including deer, leopards, and exotic bird species. A jeep safari through the park allows visitors to witness these magnificent creatures in their natural habitat. The best time to visit is from June to September, when the elephants gather around the Minneriya reservoir in large numbers, creating an unforgettable wildlife spectacle.
Dimbulagala Temple
Dimbulagala Temple, located about 16 km southeast of Polonnaruwa, is a hidden gem offering both historical and spiritual significance. This ancient Buddhist monastery is perched on a rocky hill and provides breathtaking panoramic views of the surrounding countryside. The temple is famous for its rich history, dating back to the Anuradhapura period, and has been a center for Buddhist monks for centuries.
Visitors can explore the monastery ruins, ancient frescoes, and sacred meditation caves. The temple complex is also home to a large reclining Buddha statue and a peaceful atmosphere that makes it an ideal spot for meditation. Hiking up to the temple is a rewarding experience, as the trail passes through lush forests and offers glimpses of wildlife such as monkeys and exotic birds. The climb is moderately challenging but worth it for the stunning views at the top.
Wasgamuwa
Wasgamuwa National Park is one of Sri Lanka’s most pristine wildlife sanctuaries, offering an incredible opportunity to experience nature away from the more crowded parks like Yala or Udawalawe. It is best known for its large elephant population, which can often be seen roaming in herds, particularly during the dry season. The park is also home to leopards, sloth bears, crocodiles, and a variety of deer species, making it an excellent destination for wildlife enthusiasts. Bird watchers will also find Wasgamuwa rewarding, as it hosts over 140 bird species, including endemic varieties like the Sri Lanka junglefowl and the red-faced malkoha.
The park’s landscapes are equally impressive, with vast grasslands, thick forests, and the scenic Mahaweli River running along its boundary. Unlike some of Sri Lanka’s more commercialized parks, Wasgamuwa offers a more peaceful and immersive safari experience, with fewer jeeps and less disturbance to wildlife. The best time to visit is between June and September, when animals gather near water sources, making sightings easier. If you’re seeking an authentic, off-the-beaten-path wildlife experience, Wasgamuwa is a fantastic choice.
Accessing the park requires a drive from Dambulla or Polonnaruwa. A limited amount of jeeps are also available at the entrance of Wasgamuwa.
Moragahakanda
Moragahakanda, officially named the Kulasinghe Reservoir, is the largest and final reservoir of Sri Lanka’s Mahaweli Development Project. Located in the Matale District, it was inaugurated in 2018 and is a crucial component of the country’s largest irrigation initiative. The Moragahakanda Dam, a high-gravity structure standing at approximately 65 meters, has created a vast reservoir that provides water for agriculture, drinking, and hydroelectric power generation. It is four times larger than the renowned Parakrama Samudraya in Polonnaruwa, reinforcing its significance in Sri Lanka’s water management efforts.
Travelers visiting Moragahakanda can enjoy scenic views of the reservoir, which is surrounded by lush greenery and offers a peaceful escape into nature. The area is a great spot for photography and relaxation, while the dam itself is an impressive feat of modern engineering. The journey to the site is relatively accessible, making it a worthwhile detour for those exploring central Sri Lanka. The reservoir also benefits local communities by improving irrigation and mitigating water shortages in dry regions. Whether you’re interested in hydropower, engineering marvels, or simply breathtaking landscapes, Moragahakanda provides a unique blend of nature and human achievement.
Moragahakanda is accessible from Matale, Dambulla or Polonnaruwa by any vehicle.
Best things to do in Polonnaruwa
Beyond visiting the ruins, Polonnaruwa offers a range of activities for travelers:
Cycling Tours
Exploring Polonnaruwa by bicycle is one of the best ways to experience the ancient city. The archaeological site is spread out over a vast area, and cycling allows visitors to navigate between the different ruins efficiently. Bikes can be rented from various local shops and hotels for a small fee. The terrain is mostly flat, making it an easy ride for people of all fitness levels. As you cycle through the city, you will come across breathtaking ruins, stunning statues, and beautiful landscapes. A guided cycling tour can also enhance your experience by providing historical insights into each monument.
Boat Ride on Parakrama Samudra
Parakrama Samudra, an ancient reservoir built by King Parakramabahu I, is a great spot for a relaxing boat ride. The calm waters, scenic views, and the chance to spot local wildlife make it a fantastic activity for nature lovers. Several local operators offer boat tours, and visitors can enjoy a peaceful journey while learning about the history and engineering marvel of this ancient irrigation system. Bird watchers will particularly enjoy this activity, as the lake attracts a wide variety of bird species, including herons, egrets, and kingfishers.
Bird Watching
Polonnaruwa is a haven for bird watchers, with a rich diversity of avian species. The wetlands, forests, and reservoirs in and around the city attract both resident and migratory birds. Early morning or late afternoon are the best times for birdwatching, as many species become more active during these hours. Popular birdwatching spots include Parakrama Samudra, Minneriya National Park, and the surrounding forested areas. Some of the birds you might encounter include painted storks, pelicans, eagles, and peacocks.
Traditional Cooking Classes
For food lovers, taking a traditional Sri Lankan cooking class in Polonnaruwa is a fantastic way to immerse yourself in the local culture. Many local families and small cooking schools offer hands-on classes where visitors can learn to prepare authentic Sri Lankan dishes. You’ll get the opportunity to use fresh, locally sourced ingredients to create delicious meals such as rice and curry, hoppers, and coconut sambol. These classes usually include a visit to a local market to buy ingredients and provide valuable insight into Sri Lankan culinary traditions.
Best place to eat in Polonnaruwa
Polonnaruwa has several great restaurants offering authentic Sri Lankan cuisine. Some top recommendations include Priyamali Gedara for traditional rice and curry, Jaga Food for organic meals, and Gami Gedara for home-cooked dishes. Trying local dishes like kottu roti and hoppers is a must during your visit.
After a long day of exploring, treat yourself to some delicious Sri Lankan cuisine at these top-rated restaurants:
- Priyamali Gedara – Famous for its authentic Sri Lankan rice and curry buffet.
- Jaga Food – A must-visit for those who love organic and locally sourced food.
- Gami Gedara – A family-run restaurant offering traditional home-cooked meals.
- New Ariya Sinhala Hotel – Known for its tasty vegetarian dishes and local flavors.
- Sunrise Restaurant – A great spot for fresh seafood and international cuisine.
How to Get to Polonnaruwa
Polonnaruwa is accessible by bus, train, or private vehicle from Colombo, Kandy, Dambulla and other major cities. It is not necessary to spend a full day in Polonnaruwa,